![]() "We know from commercial fisheries that they can still catch the fish they did but they're in a completely different location to where they used to be. It was believed the fish migrated out of the area as a result of the eruption. "By toxic it means it's the introduction of metals, which creates plankton blooms which creates oxygen deficits in the ocean so it could take a long time for the ocean to recover from this toxic event." While volcanoes are nutrient rich and can help crops grow, Mackay said so much nutrient was pumped out of the volcano and landed in the ocean that it became toxic. Mackay said this meant cable companies had to really plan for the risk that such an eruption could happen again and use that information to determine where to put replacement cables to prevent them being destroyed again. "That just shows the power and unprecedented event that happened last year off Tonga." "It's not like water that always flows downhill, these things went off in a direction and had so much energy that they can go and flow uphill into the next valley to wipe out the international cable." "So that means these avalanches had so much energy and so much speed that they proceeded to go up and over another ridge to get to the next valley. ![]() Mackay said that cable was in a "completely different valley system". ![]() The eruption "absolutely demolished" everything in its path and three months later while Mackay was conducting his research, cameras on the seafloor showed hundreds, if not thousands, of square km destroyed by the debris.Īs well as destroying communication cables 80km away, it also destroyed the international cable which connected Tonga to the rest of the world. "As that eruption happened and was sustained, that huge volume, millions of tonnes of rock and ash and debris, suspended in the atmosphere and as the volcano explosion diminishes, it comes crashing back down under the influence of gravity, smashes into the water, into the sides of the volcano which has very steep sides and creates these what we call volcaniclastic debris density currents that just mash their way down the volcano, and that's what generated these unprecedented speeds as it demolished these communication cables." "It threw literally cubic kilometres of material into the upper atmosphere. spelling)Ĭubic kilometer conversions: a compehensive list with conversions from cubic kilometers to other (metric, imperial, or customary) volume measurement units is displayed below."That just shows the power and unprecedented event that happened last year off Tonga" Kevin Mackay One cubic kilometer is equivalent to one teraliter.Īlso known as: cubic kilometre (plural: cubic kilometres, Int. A volume of 1.0 cubic kilometer is the volume of a cube that is 1.0 kilometer on each edge. The kilometer is a unit of length in the SI. The cubic kilometer ( km 3) is an SI derived unit of volume. The cubic kilometer ( km 3) is also equal to 10 15 cubic centimeters ( cm 3), or 10 12 cubic decimeters ( dm 3) or 10 6 cubic decameters ( dam 3) (units of volume in the SI), or 10 12 liters ( L), or 10 10 hectoliters ( hL) or 10 9 kiloliters ( kL), which are units of volume in the metric system. The cubic kilometer is a unit of volume in the metric system equal to 10 9 cubic meters (1 km 3 = 10 9 m 3), the derived unit of volume in the International System of Units ( SI). To make a conversion starting from a unit of volume other than cubic kilometer, simply click on the "Reset" button. ![]() The cubic kilometer conversion selector selects the volume measurement unit to convert to starting from cubic kilometers ( km³).
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